uh. when you say a year and are wondering about the bacteria. have you replaced it anytime in this past year. you should replace the cartrage 1ce a month exept during the cycling process.
as for the bacteria question. very little of the bacteria that you need is on the filter. there is some but all the bacteria you need is in your substrate so it wouldnt hurt to change the filter cartrage.
change everything every month even the sponge. you can go alot longer. when i used to have those types of filters i followed a personal rule. when water starts to overflow change the filter, and if you cant get a cartrage right away, at least rinse it off.
also you said you have a 30 gallon filter on a 10 tank. your ahead of the game in this part of the hobby. you can never cycle your tank to much. the stronger the filter the cleaner the water.
you mention green stuff. well you've only had your tank a year. thats still a fairly new tank. and its most likely algea. im not saying once your tank is older you wont get algea. its just during the cycling process with all the wild water params, algea usually develops. its harder in an older tank, but still possible.
be very carefull not to overstock your tank

i am very glad to see that you cycled your tank

. i also hope that you have good luck and a fun experience with your fish. and that you've cycled the tank is proboly the reason you havn't lost any fish

.
good luck
&
welcome to the forum.